How should tank circulation be specified for industrial heating elements?

To specify tank circulation for industrial heating elements, first calculate the scouring velocity from the pump's rated flow and the actual flow-path cross-section: excessive velocity causes tube vibration and erosion, while low flow creates hot spots or even vapour pockets. Use this to fix tube diameter, wattage, surface load and sheath material, laying out the elements to avoid dead zones and vapour pockets, and allowing for temperature sensor ports and the correct IP rating. Before selection, give the supplier the medium, working temperature, flow range and allowable pressure drop. For control, provide over-temperature protection and a flow interlock to prevent dry-firing on loss of flow. At acceptance, record actual flow, inlet-to-outlet temperature rise and sheath temperature, confirming they match the design duty.